Monitoring of Biodiesel Transesterification Process Using Impedance Measurement

Alternative diesel fuels have been the subject of extensive investigation. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) based Biodiesel manufactured from vegetable oils or animal fats is an excellent candidate to replace common diesel fuel being renewable, non-toxic and often giving rise to reduced exhaust gas emissions. The transesterification process has been commonly and widely used to produce biodiesel from vegetable oil or animal fat. Vegetable oils or animal fats generally have viscosities higher than standard diesel oil. This means that it is necessary to reduce the viscosity by means of reacting vegetable oil with alcohol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. The target product for this reaction is methyl ester, with glycerol and potentially soap produced as by products with the process of transesterification. Methylester (Biodiesel) is produced by converting triglycerides to alkylesters. A batch transesterification process has two significant mechanisms, and exhibits a mass transfer controlled region that precedes a second order kinetically controlled region. In order to control the conversion process it is useful to employ process monitoring. In particular monitoring of the mass transfer processes that limits the initial reaction rates could prove to be beneficial in allowing for process optimization and control. This thesis proposes the use of a new method of biodiesel process monitoring using low frequency (15kHz) impedance sensing which is able to provide information regarding the progress of mass transfer and chemical reaction during biodiesel production. An interdigitated (ID) sensor has been used to monitoring the biodiesel process The ID sensor is of simple construction and consists of two sets of interleaved electrodes (fingers). The two sets of electrodes are separated by a gap and when an AC excitation voltage is applied across the interleaved electrodes an oscillating electric field is developed. The response of the fluid surrounding the sensor to the applied excitation was then used to determine progress of the chemical reaction by evaluating the real and complex impedance. A significant and unambiguous change in the components of impedance has been shown to occur during mixing (mass transfer) and transesterification. The impedance measurements gained during transesterification were then used for the development of a system model. A systematic approach was used to select mathematical models and system identification techniques were evaluated. The system identification investigation used real process measurement data in conjunction with the Matlab system identification toolbox

Optimasi Parameter Permesinan Terhadap Waktu Proses Pada Pemrograman Cnc Milling Dengan Berbasis Cad/cam

The milling process is one of many machining processes for manufacturing component. The length of time in the process of milling machining is influenced by selection and design of machining parameters including cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. The purpose of this study to know the influence of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut as independent variables versus operation time at CNC milling process as dependent variables. Each independent variable consists of three level of factors; low, medium and high.Time machining process is measured from operation time simulation program, feed cut length and rapid traverse length. The results of statistically from software simulation MasterCam X Milling, then do the comparison to CNC Milling machine.  The data from experiments was statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Regression methods by software Minitab 16.Results show that the greater feed rate and depth of cut shorten the operation time of machinery, whereas cutting speed is not a significant influence. The depth of cut has the highest contribution to the value of 49.56%, followed by feed rate 43% and cutting speed 0.92%. Optimal time of machining process total is 71.92 minutes, with machining parameter on the condition cutting speed is 75360 mm/minutes, the feed rate is 800 mm/minutes and depth of cut = 1 mm. Results of comparison time machining process in software Mastercam X milling with CNC Milling machine indicates there is the difference not significant with the value of 0,35%

Monitoring of Biodiesel Transesterification Process Using Impedance Measurement

Transesterification is commonly used to produce biodiesel from methylester. In order to control the conversion process it is often useful to employ process monitoring and in particular monitor the mass transfer processes that limit the initial reaction rates. Such monitoring of the initial phase of reaction may provide opportunity for process optimization. Previous work has identified many methods to monitor reaction progress. This paper proposes the use of a simple method which is able to provide information regarding the progress of mass transfer and chemical reaction during biodiesel production. The process uses impedance measurement. The experimentally determined impedance results clearly show the two important phases of the transesterification reaction, a mass transfer control phase followed by a kinetically controlled phase

Peningkatan Efektivitas Elektrokoagulasi dan Fotokatalis pada Proses Degradasi Limbah Batik

Waste water from the batik industry process used the composition of naphthol generally contained organic pollutants that difficult to decomposed. This study discussed the efficiency treatment of batik industri waste water a combination of electrolyte and AOP approved methods in the electrocoagulation and photocatalyst process based on current density, electrolyte coordination and H2O2 composition. The parameters discussed include COD, TSS, color, TDS and pH. In a batch process conducted with 5 liters of water that fixed by current density (A/cm2) and NaCl electrolyte (gr/L) in electrocoagulation and 30% H2O2 concentration (mg/L) were determined as photocatalytic variables. In addition to batches, this study also carried out continuous experiments with the best variables from the batch process. Efficiency of the percentage reduction in COD, TSS, color, TDS and pH used electrocoagulation and photocatalyst were 87.8%, 84.01%, 94.07%, 32.9% and pH respectively 7,3 at a contact time of 120 minutes

Pengelolaan Limbah Cair Jasa Pencucian Kendaraan dengan Metode Elektrokoagulasi

Vehicle washing service generally does not have a waste treatment system to handle liquid waste generated from the washing process. There are several methods of waste treatment that are efficient. One of them is the electrocoagulation process which is a water treatment technology using an electrochemical process where the anode will release active coagulants in the form of ions into the wastewater solution to form flocs that are able to bind contaminants and particles in the waste. This study aims to reduce the concentration of TSS in washing wastewater. motorized vehicles and to find out changes in pH naturally with independent variables, namely changes in time, changes in voltage and types of electrodes using the electrocoagulation method. The research was carried out in batches using Aluminum (AI) and Iron (Fe) plates as electrodes with time variations of 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes and voltage variations of 3, 6, 9, 12 Volts. The parameters measured were TSS and pH. the results of the study obtained optimal results for the efficiency of TSS removal with aluminum (AI) electrodes of 93.15% from 253 mg/l to 57.25 mg/l with a voltage of 12 volts with a sampling time of 120 minutes

Landfill, Integrated Risk Based

Nowadays, the Gedangkaret landfill in Jombang, has one of the supporting facilities are not managed properly, such as ditches and pools channel leachate was buried with much of garbage, clogged, and it is no longer maintained. The leachate pool behind the landfill was only functions to accommodate leachate without any further management processes. Both systems use a barrier layer of leachate, leachate channels, and soil as a cover of a pile of garbage, and at each end of the operation of garbage covered with soil to minimize impacts on public health. In planning the rehabilitation of the Gedangkaret landfill in Jombang this time, held evaluating the feasibility of the landfill with Integrated Risk Based Approach method (IRBA), which refers to the regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 in 2013 annex V. With a land area of 8.7 hectares, the Gedangkaret landfill is currently still being operated using the controlled landfill method, where the filling is carried out when the cells are full or the land used for filling is available. Some parts of the landfill also have been filled by using overburden. Gas management is carried out by flaring the landfill's methane gas. Landfill leachate management is done by using stabilization ponds. The result of quantitative analysis using the risk index assessment method shows that the risk index value of the Gedangkaret Landfill in the overall aspects is 538.48. Broadly speaking, the rehabilitation activities carried out from the results of the risk index assessment are in the form of groundwater contamination (planning of basement system and stockpile zone cover to minimize the potential for leachate to infiltrate into the ground), future use (planning of new stockpiling zones and temporary stockpile zones), existing landfills (slope stabilization of the dumping zone and planning of the embankment zone), air pollution (planning for gas management and landfill buffer zones), leachate production (planning for leachate pipeline construction and management using leachate treatment plant)